The document outlines a research project titled "Teaching Rats to Obey Instructions Using Operant Conditioning Techniques" for the Kenya Science and Engineering Fair (KSEF) 2025. The project, conducted by students from Fesbeth High School, explores the use of operant conditioning to train rats to follow instructions through reinforcement strategies. Summary of Key Sections: Background & Introduction The study investigates how operant conditioning (a learning process introduced by B.F. Skinner) can be used to train rats to perform specific tasks, such as pressing a lever or responding to auditory cues. It examines reinforcement methods (positive and negative reinforcement) and their effectiveness in shaping animal behavior. Statement of the Problem The challenge of training animals to follow instructions effectively. Questions about reinforcement efficiency, cognitive limitations of rats, and ethical considerations in behavioral research. Objectives Identify the most effective reinforcement schedules. Explore cognitive limits in rats. Study the generalizability and retention of learned behaviors. Provide ethical guidelines for humane treatment in animal research. Literature Review Reviews previous studies on operant conditioning in rats. Discusses reinforcement schedules and shaping techniques. Identifies research gaps in multi-step obedience and complex instruction-following. Methodology Subjects: 30 laboratory rats divided into an experimental group (trained using operant conditioning) and a control group (no reinforcement). Training Setup: Conducted in a Skinner box equipped with a lever, food dispenser, and light cues. Rats receive positive reinforcement (food rewards) for correct actions. Various reinforcement schedules tested (fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, variable-interval). Data Collection: Tracks correct responses, response time, learning rates, and behavior retention. Results & Data Analysis (Initial Findings) Experimental Group: Shows improvement in correct responses and response time due to reinforcement. Control Group: Little to no improvement, indicating reinforcement is crucial for behavior learning. Statistical analysis compares learning curves between both groups. Significance & Applications Insights into behavioral psychology, animal training, cognitive research, and human behavioral therapy. Practical applications in education, addiction therapy, and reinforcement-based learning. Ethical considerations in using operant conditioning with animals. Conclusion: The project highlights how operant conditioning can effectively train rats to follow instructions, contributing to behavioral science research while emphasizing ethical treatment in animal studies.