ASPC 100 FINAL NOTES Week 1- Clarifying the Design Process: Needs and Specifications Needs: Benefits and Limitations -Benefits: express stakeholder interests and wishes, uses the “language of the stakeholder” -Limitations: vague/imprecise, might contradict each other, subjective Target Design Specifications -Developed from the needs -A precise description of what the final design has to be or do -Both quantifiable and testable Two types of Target Design Specifications -Requirements: “must-haves” 1. Either pass or fail 2. Must satisfy all requirements -Objectives: evaluation criteria, performance levels, satisfaction levels 1. more is better or less is better 2. Separates the good design from the okay designs Describe, in general terms, how target design specifications, similar to the ones you listed above, are used in the “Identify Most Promising Solution” stage of the design process.  Design specifications are measurable / testable  They translate into requirements and evaluation criteria  Requirements: are used in screening to eliminate ideas that will never work  Evaluation criteria: are used in ranking and scoring to determine best ideas of those that will work Validation and Verification -Validation: do the specification correctly capture stakeholder needs? -Verification: does the final design meet the target design specifications? Week 2-Introduction to Engineering Design o 1. Design is a process -Engineering design is the process through which engineering knowledge and skills are applied to solve real work 2. Engineers rely on a systematic process: DESIGN CYCLE Stage 0: Problem Downloaded by Melissa xie (melissaxie128@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|47307495 Stage 1: Study and clarify problem Stage 2: Generate potential solutions -Try to identify as many possible ways of solving the problem Stage 3: Identifying most promising solution -Analyse, refine, and develop the chosen solution Stage 4: Develop and test solution -Analyse, refine, and develop the chosen solution Iteration: Review and revise solution -continuously revisit previous stages and the solution develops as you learn more Stage 5: Implement solution -Construct or detail the final solution How iteration is used in the design process: - Don’t just pass through each stage once - Continually revise previous work - Can move from any stage to any stage - Each stage influences each other stage Study and clarify problem Stakeholder: anyone who is influenced by the project, or anyone who can influence the project -Designers, builders, users, government, maintainers, etc. -Each group has different spheres of influence on the project -To minimize risks, it is important to know issues and perspectives of all stakeholders in the beginning Needs: Stakeholder wants or expectation of what the final design should be or do. Needs express what makes stakeholder fully or partially satisfied -Different stakeholders tend to have different needs -Stakeholders, even from the same group, may have differing or contradictory needs -Some needs might be expected without saying or so “obvious” that nobody thinks to mention them (missing one of these obvious needs can have dire consequences if it is not addressed in the end). Week 3-Sketching and Concept generation Generate Potential Solutions Goal: Generate as many potential solutions to our design problem as possible Fixation: Getting stuck on one idea Solution Generation Guidelines: 1. Generate as many unique ideas as possible -Focus on quantity not quality -Welcome creative, unusual and wild ideas 2. Resist the temptation to start developing your first idea or favorite idea -Avoid fixation Downloaded by Melissa xie (melissaxie128@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|47307495 3. Do not evaluate ideas yet -Generate a variety of ideas C-Sketch (Collaborative Sketching) -No writing or words -Quiet, focused time -Not about creating works of art -Advantages: everyone gets equal time and input to every idea Decision Making Screening: eliminate ideas that will never work -A caveat: before you eliminate an idea through screening, try your best to make it work -Modify, combine with another idea, look for positives, confirm the requirements and specifications Week 4- Identifying the Most Promising Solution Goal: narrow down all possible solutions to our design problems and identify single solution Requirements: the limits acceptability for a design Objectives: measures that distinguish between levels of performance or stakeholder satisfaction Summary of the Process: 1. SCREENING - Compare potential solutions to requirements - Eliminate any solutions that do not satisfy requirements 2. RANKINGS - Roughly rank the ideas from strong to weak - Look for ideas that seem to perform well across many objectives 3. SCORING - Quantify relative performance and concepts advanced from ranking - Takes longest time Prototypes Prototypes: Small scale representation of possible design Prototype Classification: 1. A transition from focused initially to comprehensive finally 2. There is also a range between virtual to physical 3. Hardest range to work in is comprehensive and virtual Downloaded by Melissa xie (melissaxie128@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|47307495 Examples: A full-size foam model of the expected weight of the final device is used to gauge user impressions of size, look, and feel = Focused physical To test compatibility, different phones are connected to a computer and the projector is simulated on the computer screen by software = focused virtual/physical A near-complete device is sent out for testing to a group of 20 potential users to get final feedback before going into production = comprehensive physical CAD: Week 5: Introduction to Module 2 Engineering at Different Scales Different Scales – need to consider all when determining stakeholders and sphere of influence of the solution - Small scale - Medium scale - Large scale Scale: Consider a problem at different levels to determine the real issue and to identify stakeholders - Scales help us ensure that we have studied and clarified the problem thoroughly Engineer’s Role in Decision Making - To inform decision makers Downloaded by Melissa xie (melissaxie128@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|47307495 Week 6: Decision Making Decision Making Tools – Weighted Decision Matrix Review of Stage 3  Screening: getting rid of ideas that don’t fit requirements  Ranking: giving them a qualitative position  Scoring: give a quantitative score to each idea Weighted Decision Matrix  Using a matrix with criteria listed on the left and options listed on the top o Criteria are objectives from design specifications  Another column is assigned for the weight of each criteria o Distribution of weights should reflect priorities of the stakeholders  Higher number = better performance in a specific criterion Sensitivity to Weights  If slight changes to the weights are made but the ranking is the same, it can be seen that the scores are robust Introduction to Sustainability Sustainability: Ensuring the wellbeing of both people and ecosystems Four Principles of Sustainability  Avoid removing materials from the earth at a rate faster than they naturally replenish  Avoid making things and releasing substances at a rate faster than they naturally break down  Avoid degrading ecosystems at a rate faster than they can naturally grow  Move towards happiness, well-being and meeting the needs of all people Examples of sustainability: Decision Making and the Three Sustainability Dimensions Decision Making  Identify criteria through the lens of sustainability  Identify criteria through the perspective of different stakeholders  Identify sets of trade off criteria and win-win criteria WDM  WDMs provide a structure for thinking about highly complex decisions  One of many different types of decision support tools Downloaded by Melissa xie (melissaxie128@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|47307495 Week 7 – Delivering Effective Presentations Audience, Purpose, Context Audience  Need to know who you are presenting to  What does your audience... o ..already know, need to know, and not know about your topic? o .. think about your topic? o ... hope to get out of your presentation?  Audiences can be mixed Purpose  Describes why the presentation you’re given is important  Identify your purpose o Inform  describe, review, instruct, explain, demonstrate o Persuade  convince, influence, recommend, change, justify  Can be of mixed purpose Context 1. Why are you developing the presentation? a. Factors that led to the presentation in the first place 2. What is the setting of the presentation? 3. What other factors related to time, tools, and space are relevant?  Space, media, amount of time etc. all will be different depending on the context of the presentation Week 8 – Presentations and a Closer Look at Sustainability Preparing and Delivering Technical Presentations Delivery – the art of conveying your ideas through voice and body language  Poor delivery of a presentation can result in a disengaged presentation Professionalism – enthusiasm, attire, attentiveness  A professional level is one with energy but without it being distracting  Attire o Dress as well as or slightly better than your audience Language – goal is to speak clearly with compelling language choices that are appropriate for the audience Systems Simple and Complex Systems  When and why do systems become complex?  What makes a system complex? o Uncertainty o People o The number of variables o Not strictly governed by physical laws Downloaded by Melissa xie (melissaxie128@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|47307495 o Interaction with biological systems o Feedback loops o Non linearity Differences between simple systems and complex systems: 1. Simple system has a clear soluon to it while complex systems don’t have a clear soluon 2. We can accurately determine how a simple system behaves 3. Simple systems are analysed quantavely while complex system require qualitave analysis  Scale Systems Thinking  A perspective and a set of tools for viewing large, complex systems from a variety of perspectives and scales to identify patters, structures and interactions  Relevance o Our world is getting increasingly more complex and interconnected and systems thinking help us understand and manage that complexity o Proven approach to complex systems o Integral part of sustainability Applying a System’s Approach  List components that will define a system and determine the uncertainties of each of these variables Site C Clean energy project: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. BC government Federal government Local Companies Local Worker Fort St John Resident LocalAboriginals Environmentalists Local fishermen(hydroelectric dam) Hydro Dam: moving water from two levels of water - Control gate opens and flows into the power house through a tunnel called the penstock - Inside the powerhouse, there are the turbines and electrical generators - Inside the turbines are rotating wheels called runners and water rushing in through a scroll case spins the turbines - Water passes through the centre of the runner and goes through the draft tube where it leaves the dam - Potential energy is converted into electrical energy Downloaded by Melissa xie (melissaxie128@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|47307495 Wind Farm: Requirements/considerations: - Lots of land needed to operate (thousands of acres) - Reliable and favorable wind is needed and need to be located near electricity lines - The higher the up the turbines the more wind and more power - Uses natural power of wind to generate electricity - Rotor blades turn in the wind and transfer the power into the rotor hub and converts mechanical energy into electrical energy Coal Farm: - Coal is transported to the power plant (a lot of transporting of coal requires money and creates emissions) - Coal needs to be pulverized and combusts in boilers to create the most heat possible - Water is turned into steam in tubes and steam passes through turbines spinning shafts o High pressure turbine, intermediate turbine and low pressure turbines - Turbines generates electricity through the mechanical energy of the turbines - Steam is turned back into water and used again - Coal has high energy density Types of Engineering Material: interact with all designs and aspects of the world, processing Integrated: combine different kinds of engineering; ,,, and , , and Engineering Physics: combination of math and physics, a lot of designing, entrepreneurs Civil: faced with new challenges, develop cities and keep in mind impact on environment., one end is structural engineering (large scale infrastructure), transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, materials, construction and project management, environmental engineering Biological and Chemical: water treatment, oil and gas research, healthcare For causal loop diagrams: Deterministic system: We can accurately determine how the system behaves Complex system: Require more qualitative tools such as causal loop diagrams rather than quantitative tools for deterministic Causal loops help us understand impacts, interactions and interdependencies between aspects of the system. Reinforcing loop: if we increase a parameter and work around the loop one time, then parameter will increase Balancing loop: if we increase a parameter and work around the loop, the parameter decreases Two vertical lines: Represents delay in node Integrated Engineers acquire background in core disciplines such as: materials solid mechanics fluid mechanics systems involving chemical electro-mechanical biological components. Downloaded by Melissa xie (melissaxie128@gmail.com) Week 9 – Prototypes Prototypes in the design Process CAD Modeldevelop and test solution (comprehensive, virtual) Sketchesgenerate potential solutions (focused, virtual) Proofs- of-conceptidentify most promising solution (focused, physical) Simple Mock upsgenerate potential solutions, identify most promising solution (focused, physical) Rapid Prototypesdevelop and test solution (comprehensive, physical) Pre-production (beta)implement solution (comprehensive, physical) Purpose of Prototypes   To determine placement and orientation   To understand ergonomics and workow   To communicate form and shape   To determine the nal function and form   To inspire new ideas Rapid Prototyping Computer Aided Design (CAD)  Describes a process in which a sophisticated software package is used to create a detailed 2 or 3D representation of a physical structure Rapid Prototyping  The ability to from a CAD model to a physical model in a short amount of time using digital manufacturing technologies Week 10 – Rapid Prototyping Waterjet Cutter   Can cut through almost any materials   Almost impossible to control depth, it is a straight through cut   Materials will get wet Laser Cutter   Requires more power to cut through metal   Restricted to cutting at shapes   Some materials produce gas or particulates 3D Printing lOMoARcPSD|47307495 Downloaded by Melissa xie (melissaxie128@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|47307495   Fueled Deposition Modelling o Plastic is melted and deposited in shaped strips   Selective Laser Sintering o Uses lasers to fuse with a laser into a solid layer   You can make 3D objects that are incredibly complex   Take les directly from CAD to physical objects   Slow machines, can’t compete with other in speed   Type of materials are limited to whatever can be used in layer by layer technique   Structures can’t be too thin or unsupported internal features CAD Part and Drawing   Simple animationonce a CAD le is created, it is simple to create a visualization o They can be rendered to create photorealistic pictures of what it will look like   Stress Analysis (FEA) o More complex situations o Analyses how loads are transmitted from one part of the model to the next  Heat and Flow Analysis (CFD) o Can be used in the analysis of uids and systems o Computational uid dynamics Week 11 – Technical Writing and Review of Design Evaluation 7 C’s of Eective Communication 1. Clear 1. When writing someone you need to be clear about the purpose 2. Clear message 3. Simple sentences 4. Make it easy to understand 2. Concise 1. Keep it brief Downloaded by Melissa xie (melissaxie128@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|47307495 2. Stick to the point 3. Don’t repeat ideas 4. Minimize number of sentences 3. Correct 1. Proofread 2. Error-free 3. Fits your audience 4. People’s name spelled correctly etc. 4. Concrete 1. Reader or audience will have a clear picture 2. Use details and vivid facts 3. Explain how your ideas are practical 5. Coherent 1. Points are connected 2. Tone and ow is logical 3. Points are relevant to main topic 6. Complete 1. Audience has everything they need to be informed and take action 2. Audience clearly knows what you want them to do in order to act on your message 7. Courteous 1. Friendly, open, and honest 2. Empathetic to reader’s needs 3. Keep reader’s viewpoint in mind A Technical Memorandum   Commonly used form of communication for engineers to share their designs and recommendations o Written to discuss, summarize, present and record their technical work Downloaded by Melissa xie (melissaxie128@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|47307495   Introductionclearly states the purpose of the memo   Main Bodyelaborates on the issues that were brought forward in the introduction   Conclusionsummary of ndings and key points  Appendix: Elevator Pitch   An overview of an idea, product, service, person or other solution and is designed to just get a conversation started   Audiencewho are you pitching to and what do they need to know?   Purposewhy are you pitching this idea ?   Contextunder what circumstances are you pitching this idea Week 12 – Regulated Professions, Code of Ethics, and the Role of Values The Engineering Profession Profession a group of individuals widely recognized by the public who: possess specialized knowledge or skills, have received special training or education, adhere to ethical standards, apply their knowledge and skills in the interest of others UBC Engineering Code of Ethics 1. Uphold the academic integrity of the university 2. Commit themselves to advance their body of knowledge 3. Conduct themselves with respect and integrity 4. Report any hazardous, illegal or unethical decisions or practices 5. Extend public knowledge and appreciation of engineering Professionalism and Ethics Ethics the study of standards of right and wrong Applying the 7Cs to email communication   Make the subject line meaningfulclear and courteous   Address the receiver formallycourteous   Error check before sendingcorrect   Keep the needs of the reader(s) in mindcoherent   Highlight questions or calls for actionconcrete and complete   Be sure to include contact information in your messagecourteous Downloaded by Melissa xie (melissaxie128@gmail.com) Applying the 7Cs to Written Feedback lOMoARcPSD|47307495   Make objective observations, not hunches or perceptions of a person’s intentconcrete   Use an appropriate and respectful tonecourteous and concise   Make sure message will not be misinterpreted by a person who may be feeling vulnerablecoherent and courteous   Give details and explain the impact of the errorscorrect, coherent, complete   Give suggestions for improvementcoherent and complete Steps for Analyzing Ethical Dilemmas 1. What is the nature of the dilemma? 2. What are some possible actions you could take? 3. Does the APSC 100 ethical framework help you to eliminate options? 4. Is there a victim? If so, who? X Downloaded by Melissa xie (melissaxie128@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|47307495 Week 13 – Gradual Escalation Conict of Interest – when you stand to receive an additional benet in your work, such as a gift, that could compromise your ability to impartially do your job Risk  In order to avoid risks, it is best that the solution to a dilemma is not close to the boundaries of code of ethics or law Ethical Conict Resolution  The APSC 100 design process can be used well for ethical dilemmas o gather information and dene the problemwho is involved, what are their roles and motivations, and what are the impacts? o Generate alternative solutionsthink broadly and creatively o Evaluate and select solution modify or screen ideas that violate the law or Code of Ethics Gradual Escalation   Identify a small action with low risk and minimal consequences rst o If this does not work, a larger step is taken o This process is continued until a viable solution is found   If immediate action is needed, then gradual escalation may not apply   If the process of one of these steps involves additional risk, it should be avoided Downloaded by Melissa xie (melissaxie128@gmail.com)